Alexander Hamilton and the National Economy

Alexander Hamilton made a name for himself during the American Revolution, eventually rising to be the untitled Chief of Staff for George Washington during the war. He served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention from New York and was one of the authors of the Federalist Papers with John Jay and James Madison. Upon taking office as president, Washington decided to make Hamilton the first Secretary of the Treasury in 1789. His efforts in this position were hugely important for the fiscal success of the new nation. Following is a look at the major policies that he helped implement before resigning from the position in 1795. Increasing Public Credit After things had settled from the American Revolution and the intervening years under the Articles of Confederation, the new nation was in debt for more than $50 million. Hamilton believed that it was key for the US to establish legitimacy by paying back this debt as soon as possible. In addition, he was able to get the federal government to agree to the assumption of all the states debts, many of which were also sizable. These actions were able to accomplish many things including a stabilized economy and a willingness of foreign countries to invest capital in the US including the purchase of government bonds while increasing the power of the federal government in relation to the states. Paying for the Assumption of Debts The federal government established bonds at Hamiltons behest. However, this was not enough to pay off the huge debts that had accrued during the Revolutionary War, so Hamilton asked Congress to levy an excise tax on liquor. Western and southern congressmen opposed this tax because it affected the livelihood of farmers in their states. Northern and southern interests in Congress compromised agreeing to make the southern city of Washington, D.C. into the nations capital in exchange for levying the excise tax. It is noteworthy that even at this early date in the nations history there was much economic friction between northern and southern states. Creation of the US Mint and National Bank Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had their own mint. However, with the US Constitution, it was obvious that the country needed to have a federal form of money. The US Mint was established with the Coinage Act of 1792 which also regulated the coinage of the United States. Hamilton realized the necessity of having a safe place for the government to store their funds while increasing the ties between the wealthy citizens and the US Government. Therefore, he argued for the creation of the Bank of the United States. However, the US Constitution did not specifically provide for the creation of such an institution. Some argued that it was beyond the scope of what the federal government could do. Hamilton, however, argued that the Elastic Clause of the Constitution gave the Congress the latitude to create such a bank because in his argument it was, in fact, necessary and proper for the creation of a stable federal government. Thomas Jefferson argued against its creation as being unconstitutional despite the Elastic Clause. However, President Washington agreed with Hamilton and the bank was created. Alexander Hamiltons Views on the Federal Government As can be seen, Hamilton viewed it as supremely important that the federal government establish supremacy, especially in the area of the economy. He hoped that the government would encourage the growth of industry in a move away from agriculture so that the nation could be an industrial economy equal to those of Europe. He argued for items such as tariffs on foreign goods along with money to help individuals found new businesses so as to grow the native economy. In the end, his vision came to fruition as America became a key player in the world over the course of time.

Literature Review Employee Engagement - 1780 Words

Literature Review Employee Engagement Introduction In this globalised and fast changing world organisations are faced with tough strategic decisions, which ultimately allow them to survive, strive and have a competitive advantage. Achieving competitive advantage has been a wider topic that has been looked at from Academics, consultancy and organisation perspective. One way, organisations can achieve this is through managing human capital in a way that can help them attract, retain, and develop their employee, which in return can produce a workforce that is engaged, loyal, flexible and innovative. Employee engagement has received a vast amount of interest from the 1900’s till now. Employee Engagement is a phenomenal organisation,†¦show more content†¦His method suggested organisations can archive productivity or increase it by cooperating, harmonising and combining intellectual interest of the work force. Khan’s (1990’s) defined engagement as ‘harnessing of organisational members, self to their work’ he has stated employee show this through three dimensions, it could be physically, cognitively and emotionally, which has a base of psychological state. In the early 2000, (Harter, Schmidt and Hayes (2002 p.269) defined engagement as ‘the individual involvement and satisfaction with as well as enthusiasm for work’. Gallup’s human sigma websid (2005) likens employee engagement to the concept of customer engagement which has the dimensions of confidence, integrity, pride and passion. The base for many researches has been factors that bring engagement and disengagement, traits that have influence on the level of engagement are meaningfulness, safety and availability. This highly resonates with (Maslow 1954) , According to Maslow you need to know where a person is on the hierarchical pyramid in order to motivate him/her. Then you need to focu s on meeting that person’s needs at that level, this has been linked with how engagement can be achieved. Kahn’s model was conducted by (May et al., 2004) , and found theShow MoreRelatedFunctions Of Management Within Scholarly Literature1645 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This literature review will provide a comprehensive overview and examination of the Four Functions of Management within scholarly literature. The paper will be divided into four section - reflecting the Four Functions - planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Planning is defined as the ability, creation, and use of plans to analyze the future and plan for organizational action (McLean, 2011). Organizing is defined as the ability to understand, view, and orchestrate activitiesRead MoreRunning Head: Brief Literature Review Draft . Brief Literature1636 Words   |  7 Pageshead: Brief Literature Review Draft Brief Literature Review Draft Introduction This is a draft paper of the literature review from week one to today. This is ensuring the literature reviews, research sources, and including personal throughs and opinions reflect a comprehensive literature research. It’s also includes the major themes identified in week three mapping. The draft paper helps identifying and considering the theoretical or conceptual frameworks present throughout the literatures. In additionRead MoreA Brief Look at Employee Engagement1669 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee engagement is a relatively new concept. According to Stairs (2005, p.8) research into engagement has completely being ignored and a Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) report (Alfes et al., 2010, p.4) supported this view by stating that while academia became silent on the concept of employee engagement, the concept was actually placed on the discussion board by Human Resources (HR) professionals, practitioners, and consultants. Kular et al (2008) further stat e that thereRead MoreCommunication Styles And Employee Engagement1622 Words   |  7 PagesIn the recent years, employee engagement has increased in importance because the more engaged the employee, the less likely they are to leave an organization (Adkins, 2010). An engaged workforce equates to a company being more profitable and performing better on business outcomes (Adkins, 2010). The author will research how a leader’s communication style affects employee engagement within their organization. This research will help companies determine additional trainings or coaching that leadersRead MoreProblem/Topic. This Project Outline And Proposal Explores766 Words   |  4 Pagesand employee engagement. As research for employee engagement continues to grow, we are learning how much of an impact leadership teams affect the employee engagement levels. As we continue to explore the subject of employee engagement, we realize there is a direct correlation between leadership, organiz ational effectiveness and levels of engagement. Identification and background of issue The past decade has seen an explosion of research activity and heightened interest in employee engagement amongRead MoreThe Crisis Management Of Philippines Essay894 Words   |  4 Pagespublished by Philippine Journal of Psychology entitled: Employee Readiness for Change through the Lens of the Cultural Self-Representation Theory. â€Å"Change is imperative in organizations. One fundamental tool in instigating innovation is change management. Employee engagement is seen as a primary ingredient in successfully triggering readiness to change. However, beyond change management, culture is important in influencing employee engagement and readiness to change. Research suggests that FilipinoRead MoreThe Effect Of Flexible Work Programs On Employee Motivation1145 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effect of Flexible Work Programs on Employee Motivation Overview Since the 1990s, many single parents have entered the workforce and their children are suffering as a result. These working parents are forced to leave their children to raise themselves while they work rigid schedules. Meanwhile, many children are not receiving the guidance and attention they need to flourish in society. This leaves our future in the hands of children without the necessary guidance needed to succeed. RecentlyRead MoreThe Challenges Of Leadership During The Modern World1412 Words   |  6 Pageseffectively. Copeland, M. K. (2014). The emerging significance of value-based leadership: A literature review. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 8(2), 105-135 This article is based on a broad review of literature about leadership in the contemporary organizational management field. The article observes that the prevailing moral and ethical deficiencies among leaders have led to the deterioration of employee commitment, dedication, and innovation within the organizations. As such, the articleRead MoreProcedural Justice And Job Satisfaction Of Nursing Employees1523 Words   |  7 Pagesunexpected; the Ghanaian nationals responded favorably to distributive and procedural justice. The authors’ foreknowledge on interactional justice revealed the envisioned thoughtfulness and awareness among Ghanaians. Along the lines of preceding literature review, Elma (2013) probed organizational justice and its relationship with workers’ attitudes and apprehensions with regards to work and job satisfaction among primary school teachers. The study ascertained that interactional justice and proceduralRead MoreLeadership And The Non Verbal Commun ication Styles1523 Words   |  7 Pagesincludes the style of leadership that improve productivity and ones that hamper productivity. Improving productivity as well as morale takes great communication between leaders and subordinates. This is one problem that will be addressed in this literature review. The author will look at the problems and the solutions to overcoming these situations. The author will show that different leadership styles show that communication and determine how subordinates will produce as well having good morale. A few

Approaches to Critical Thinking

Question: Describe critical thinking as the mental processes of discernment, analysis, and evaluation applied to information in order to achieve a logical final understanding and/or judgment? Answer: Approaches to critical thinking: Mulnix, (2012) opined that critical thinking is a combination of some inter-related tasks- knowing a concept, understanding it, applying the knowledge, analyzing ,synthesizing and evaluating it. To analyse any statement at first I try to identify the key idea behind a concept.eed to identify whether the concept is supported by any practical evidence or not. Padget, (2012) stated that purpose of a statement influences its nature. However, I always try to understand the reason behind a statement. Next phase of my critical thinking is relating different parts of a concept. It helps me to identify the actual scenario. I always try to compare among different things to understand them properly. Outlining thoughts to develop understanding: Synthesizing a thought requires to two acquire information from two or more sources and thus the process becomes more effective. Outlining thoughts helps us to combine different parts of any concept and it also helps to relate it with real world (Padget, 2012). Gaining knowledge from one or more sources leads to better understanding of relationships among different parts of a concept. It is not only effective to understand deeply any concept, but it is also important for modifying it. Outlining of a concept often leads to comparing it in different real-life scenarios. Thinking beyond past experiences: Relating a newly learnt thing with past experiences is important to understand a new concept (Lup.lub.lu.se, 2015). But it may happen that a new concept is being learned and I fail to relate it with previous experiences. In such cases, I realize the need of getting information from other sources. References Lup.lub.lu.se,. (2015) Retrieved 24 February 2015, from https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFilerecordOId=27011fileOId=27012 Mulnix, J. (2012). Thinking Critically about Critical Thinking. Educational Philosophy And Theory, 44(5), 464-479. Padget, S. (2012). Creativity and Critical Thinking. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

The Kafirs Of Kafiristan Essays - Ethnic Groups In Pakistan

The Kafirs Of Kafiristan THE KAFIRS OF KAFIRISTAN The land in the east of the Hindu-Kush range that lies between Pakistan and Afghanistan was called Kafiristan (the land of Kafirs), and there dwelled the Kafirs (the islamic word for pagan) who rejected any conversion to Muslim and followed their own religion. Guarded by their geography and strength, it is assumed that 200 thousand Kafirs lived there. They drove away the armies of Timur (14C.), Akbar (16C.), Nadir-Shah (18C.), and were completely shut out from the exterior world. But in 1895, Amir Abdul Rahman, the King of Afghanistan, conquered Kafiristan after a grueling battle and compelled them to convert to Islam. The name of Kafiristan was changed to Nuristan which means the land of light. Thus, the main energy of the guerrillas that resist the Soviet army in Afghanistan today were Kafirs ninety years ago. KALASH-KAFIRS OF CHITRAL The Kafirs of Afghanistan were converted to Islam, but those of Pakistan who belonged to British-India after the Durand Line (1893) still followed their own religion. These are the Kalash-Kafirs and estimably 1700 of them live in three valleys of Chitral District, North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. THE ORIGIN OF KAFIRS The history of the Kafirs remains obscure but some consider them to be the descendant of the armies of Alexander the Great ( B.C.327). They say that some Greek cultural elements can partly be identified in Kafiristan. For example, the sports and games in Nuristan (wrestling and shot-put etc.) were supposedly practiced in the ancient Olympics. Secondly, their features are thought to resemble those of the South-European characteristics. Thirdly, it is believed that the Greeks had an influence on their music. They consider that these facts seem to point to their Ancient Greek origin. But there is no conclusive evidence. It is true that in The Invasion by Alexander the Great's by Arrianus and Plutarchos, the authors state that the army of Alexander reached Nisa which is thought to be Kafiristan. But the leader of Nisa proclaimed to him that they were the descendants of Dionysus (Bacchus) that came from Greece long ago. G.Woodcock (1966) thinks that Nisa is one of the colonies of Greece which was scattered widely throughout Achamenid Persia before the times of Alexander. I think that of the Indo-Aryan expansion from the land near the Caspean Sea (B.C.1500-1000) those who came south in the first wave were the ancestors of the Kafirs. Those who came south in the second wave were the ancestors of the Indians, the third wave included the ancestors of the lranians. Linguistically, the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-Aryan (Indo-European) family of languages are divided into three main groups : Indian, Iranian, Kafiri. The latter is considered to be the oldest, but there is no proof for this. I do not deny the influence of Ancient Greece upon Kafiristan. This is a possibility, but the Greeks would have been in the minority, there --- the majority of the ancient Kafirs were a different race from the same original land as the Greeks. Any subsequent Ancient Greek influence would have been easily adopted by the Kafirs because of their common origin. LANGUAGE Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European can be divided into three main groups : Indo-Aryan (Indian), Iranian, Kafiri (the language of the Kafirs). Geographically Kafiristan is located in the middle of India and Iran and thus linguistically the group of languages has similarities with the Indo-Aryan and Iranian groups. However unlike them it has no written script. Also the dialect of the Kafir languages (like Kati and Waigali) coincide with the distribution of the tribes. However, Kalasha, spoken by the last of the Kafirs, is not in Kafiri. It is part of the Indian group of languages with Khowar (Chitrali) which is spoken in Chitral District. Kalasha is very similar to Khowar and even a small Kalasha child can speak it. Mixed in their language, we can identify Persian words used for abstract concept and modern Urdu for tools and articles etc. At present, about 2000 people speak Kalasha and 250 thousand speak Khowar. CHITRAL AND KALASHA VALLEYS A forty-five minute flight from Peshawar by PIA Domestic Airlines takes us to Chitral proper. By road it takes two days via Dir and Lowarai Pass (3177m). Previously, the Kafirs predominated the

Saying No in French

Saying No in French Saying no in French is easy. The only problem is choosing from the many synonyms for no in French. Choose with care, because the differences between expressions are nuanced. Learn how to say the equivalents of  no, not a chance, I dont think so, down with, and more. The Many Faces of Non in French non noThis is the basic, standard French word for no. Non, je naime pas skier.   No, I dont like to ski. ah non /  oh non  Ã‚  oh noAh non and oh non express disappointment, as in oh no! or darn it! Ah non ! Ça ne marche pas !   Oh no! It doesnt work! non †¦Ã‚  Ã‚  no to...Non is followed by a noun to mean (say) no to or down with, especially in protests and demonstrations: Non au CPE !   No to the First Job Contract! Other synonyms for non      absolument pas  Ã‚  absolutely not  Ã‚  Ã‚  au contraire   on the contrary  Ã‚  Ã‚  aucun (problà ¨me, argent, etc.)   no (problem, money, etc)  Ã‚  Ã‚  bien sà »r que non  Ã‚  of course not  Ã‚  Ã‚  certainement pas   certainly not  Ã‚  Ã‚  des clous ! (familiar) no way!  Ã‚  Ã‚  du tout   not at all Expressions With Non   Ã‚  Ã‚  je crois que non  Ã‚  I dont think so  Ã‚  Ã‚  je ne dis pas non   I wouldnt say no  Ã‚  Ã‚  mais non   of course not  Ã‚  Ã‚  moi non   not me, I dont  Ã‚  Ã‚  nest-ce pas ?   no? right? isnt it?  Ã‚  Ã‚  niet ! (familiar) no way!  Ã‚  Ã‚  non merci - no thank you  Ã‚  Ã‚  non et non !   absolutely not!  Ã‚  Ã‚  non plus   not (that) either  Ã‚  Ã‚  non que subjunctive   not that †¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ou non ?   †¦ (are/will/do you verb) or not?  Ã‚  Ã‚  pas de (problà ¨me, temps, pain, etc)   no (problem, time, bread, etc.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  pas du tout   not at all  Ã‚  Ã‚  pas question ! (familiar) no way! not a chance!  Ã‚  Ã‚  pas tout fait   not exactly, not quite  Ã‚  Ã‚  que non !   absolutely not!

Andersonville Prison in the Civil War

Andersonville Prison in the Civil War The Andersonville prisoner of war camp, which operated from  February 27, 1864, until the end of the American Civil War  in 1865, was one of the most notorious in U.S. history. Underbuilt, overpopulated, and continuously short on supplies and clean water, it was a nightmare for the nearly 45,000 soldiers who entered its walls. Construction In late 1863, the Confederacy found that it needed to construct additional prisoner of war camps to house captured Union soldiers waiting to be exchanged. As leaders discussed where to place these new camps, former Georgia governor, Major General Howell Cobb stepped forward to suggest the interior of his home state. Citing southern Georgias distance from the front lines, relative immunity to Union cavalry raids, and easy access to railroads, Cobb was able to convince his superiors to build a camp in Sumter County. In November 1863, Captain W. Sidney Winder was dispatched to find a suitable location. Arriving at the tiny village of Andersonville, Winder found what he believed to be an ideal site. Located near the Southwestern Railroad, Andersonville possessed transit access and a good water source. With the location secured, Captain Richard B. Winder (a cousin to Captain W. Sidney Winder) was sent to Andersonville to design and oversee the construction of the prison. Planning a facility for 10,000 prisoners, Winder designed a 16.5-acre rectangular compound that had a stream flowing through the center. Naming the prison Camp Sumter in January 1864, Winder used local slaves to construct the compounds walls. Built of tight-fitting pine logs, the stockade wall presented a solid facade that did not allow the slightest view of the outside world. Access to the stockade was through two large gates set in the west wall. Inside, a light fence was built approximately 19-25 feet from the stockade. This dead line was meant to keep prisoners away from the walls and any caught crossing it was shot immediately. Due to its simple construction, the camp rose quickly and the first prisoners arrived on February 27, 1864.   A Nightmare Ensues While the population at the prison camp steadily grew, it began to balloon after the Fort Pillow  incident on  April 12, 1864, when Confederate forces under Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest massacred black Union soldiers at the Tennessee fort. In response, President Abraham Lincoln demanded that black prisoners of war be treated the same as their white comrades. Confederate President Jefferson Davis refused. As a result, Lincoln and Lt. General Ulysses S. Grant suspended all prisoner exchanges. With the halt of exchanges, POW populations on both sides began to grow rapidly. At Andersonville, the population reached 20,000 by early June, twice the camps intended capacity. With the prison badly overcrowded, its superintendent, Major Henry Wirz, authorized an expansion of the stockade. Using prisoner labor, a 610-ft. addition was built on the prisons north side. Built in two weeks, it was opened to the prisoners on July 1. In an effort to further alleviate the situation, Wirz paroled five men in July and sent them north with a petition signed by the majority of the prisoners asking for POW exchanges to resume.  This request was denied by the Union authorities. Despite this 10-acre expansion, Andersonville remained badly overcrowded with the population peaking at 33,000 in August. Throughout the summer, conditions in the camp continued to deteriorate as the men, exposed to the elements, suffered from malnutrition and diseases such as dysentery. With its water source polluted from the overcrowding, epidemics swept through the prison. The  monthly mortality rate was now around 3,000 prisoners, all of whom were buried in mass graves outside the stockade. Life within Andersonville was made worse by a group of prisoners known as the Raiders, who stole food and valuables from other prisoners. The Raiders were eventually rounded up by a second group known as the Regulators, who put the Raiders on trial and pronounced sentences for the guilty. Punishments ranged from being placed in the stocks to being forced to run the gauntlet. Six were condemned to death and hanged. Between June and October 1864, some relief was offered by Father Peter Whelan, who daily ministered to the prisoners and provided food and other supplies.   Final Days As Major General William T. Shermans troops marched on Atlanta, General John Winder, the head of Confederate POW camps, ordered Major Wirz to construct earthwork defenses around the camp. These turned out to be unnecessary. Following Shermans capture of Atlanta, the majority of the camps prisoners were transferred to a new facility at Millen, GA. In late 1864, with Sherman moving toward Savannah, some of the prisoners were transferred back to Andersonville, raising the prisons population to around 5,000. It remained at this level until the wars end in April 1865. Wirz Executed Andersonville has become synonymous with the trials and atrocities faced by POWs during the Civil War. Of the approximately 45,000 Union soldiers who entered Andersonville, 12,913 died within the prisons walls- 28 percent  of Andersonvilles population and 40 percent of all Union POW deaths during the war. The Union blamed Wirz. In May 1865, the major was arrested and taken to Washington, DC. Charged with a litany of crimes, including conspiring to impair the lives of Union prisoners of war and murder, he faced a military tribunal overseen by Major General Lew Wallace that August. Prosecuted by Norton P. Chipman, the case saw a procession of former prisoners give testimony about their experiences at Andersonville. Among those who testified on Wirzs behalf were Father Whelan and General Robert E. Lee. In early November, Wirz was found guilty of conspiracy as well as 11 of 13 counts of murder. In a controversial decision, Wirz was sentenced to death. Though pleas for clemency were made to President Andrew Johnson, these were denied and Wirz was hanged  on November 10, 1865, at the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, DC. He was one of two individuals tried, convicted, and executed for war crimes during the Civil War, the other being the Confederate guerrilla Champ Ferguson. The site of Andersonville was purchased by the Federal government in 1910 and is now the home of Andersonville National Historic Site.

Global Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Global Operations Management - Essay Example Currently the company employs 85 people at its Wagga Wagga location (Regional Development Division, n.d). This section deals with the environmental scanning of the company with regards to its expansion strategy. Thus before conducting the environmental scanning it is necessary to point out the country in which Precision would expand. Therefore the market chosen is Germany because of the following conditions. Political, social and economic stability provides a solid base for any company to start up a new plant in a new environment. Germany judiciary and its civil services allow companies to set up industries at an ease. The judiciary systems are highly professional. Agreements based on contracts are secured and intellectual properties are protected with high concern in Germany. Germany has one of the highest levels of education, economic productivity and technological development. The economic condition of Germany is stable and its economy has been regarded as the fifth largest in terms of purchasing power parity. It is one of the leading exporters of vehicles, machinery and chemicals and benefits from a high skilled labor force. In 2010 the GDP of Germany was 3.6% and was expected to grow by 2.6% in the current fiscal year (US Department of States, 2011). Germany hosts the largest OEM plants in Europe enabling the suppliers in diversification and access to nine different OEMs. With an excellent high skilled labor force, Germany has been able to achieve success in the automotive industry and thus creating more opportunities for suppliers to invest in the country. It has been a leader in technology ranging from machines, electronics to buildings. According to World Economic forum, Germany has been ranked number one in terms of infrastructure and logistics (Invest in Germany, n.d, p.4). To analyze the internal resources of an industry or a particular company