Alexander Hamilton and the National Economy

Alexander Hamilton made a name for himself during the American Revolution, eventually rising to be the untitled Chief of Staff for George Washington during the war. He served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention from New York and was one of the authors of the Federalist Papers with John Jay and James Madison. Upon taking office as president, Washington decided to make Hamilton the first Secretary of the Treasury in 1789. His efforts in this position were hugely important for the fiscal success of the new nation. Following is a look at the major policies that he helped implement before resigning from the position in 1795. Increasing Public Credit After things had settled from the American Revolution and the intervening years under the Articles of Confederation, the new nation was in debt for more than $50 million. Hamilton believed that it was key for the US to establish legitimacy by paying back this debt as soon as possible. In addition, he was able to get the federal government to agree to the assumption of all the states debts, many of which were also sizable. These actions were able to accomplish many things including a stabilized economy and a willingness of foreign countries to invest capital in the US including the purchase of government bonds while increasing the power of the federal government in relation to the states. Paying for the Assumption of Debts The federal government established bonds at Hamiltons behest. However, this was not enough to pay off the huge debts that had accrued during the Revolutionary War, so Hamilton asked Congress to levy an excise tax on liquor. Western and southern congressmen opposed this tax because it affected the livelihood of farmers in their states. Northern and southern interests in Congress compromised agreeing to make the southern city of Washington, D.C. into the nations capital in exchange for levying the excise tax. It is noteworthy that even at this early date in the nations history there was much economic friction between northern and southern states. Creation of the US Mint and National Bank Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had their own mint. However, with the US Constitution, it was obvious that the country needed to have a federal form of money. The US Mint was established with the Coinage Act of 1792 which also regulated the coinage of the United States. Hamilton realized the necessity of having a safe place for the government to store their funds while increasing the ties between the wealthy citizens and the US Government. Therefore, he argued for the creation of the Bank of the United States. However, the US Constitution did not specifically provide for the creation of such an institution. Some argued that it was beyond the scope of what the federal government could do. Hamilton, however, argued that the Elastic Clause of the Constitution gave the Congress the latitude to create such a bank because in his argument it was, in fact, necessary and proper for the creation of a stable federal government. Thomas Jefferson argued against its creation as being unconstitutional despite the Elastic Clause. However, President Washington agreed with Hamilton and the bank was created. Alexander Hamiltons Views on the Federal Government As can be seen, Hamilton viewed it as supremely important that the federal government establish supremacy, especially in the area of the economy. He hoped that the government would encourage the growth of industry in a move away from agriculture so that the nation could be an industrial economy equal to those of Europe. He argued for items such as tariffs on foreign goods along with money to help individuals found new businesses so as to grow the native economy. In the end, his vision came to fruition as America became a key player in the world over the course of time.

Literature Review Employee Engagement - 1780 Words

Literature Review Employee Engagement Introduction In this globalised and fast changing world organisations are faced with tough strategic decisions, which ultimately allow them to survive, strive and have a competitive advantage. Achieving competitive advantage has been a wider topic that has been looked at from Academics, consultancy and organisation perspective. One way, organisations can achieve this is through managing human capital in a way that can help them attract, retain, and develop their employee, which in return can produce a workforce that is engaged, loyal, flexible and innovative. Employee engagement has received a vast amount of interest from the 1900’s till now. Employee Engagement is a phenomenal organisation,†¦show more content†¦His method suggested organisations can archive productivity or increase it by cooperating, harmonising and combining intellectual interest of the work force. Khan’s (1990’s) defined engagement as ‘harnessing of organisational members, self to their work’ he has stated employee show this through three dimensions, it could be physically, cognitively and emotionally, which has a base of psychological state. In the early 2000, (Harter, Schmidt and Hayes (2002 p.269) defined engagement as ‘the individual involvement and satisfaction with as well as enthusiasm for work’. Gallup’s human sigma websid (2005) likens employee engagement to the concept of customer engagement which has the dimensions of confidence, integrity, pride and passion. The base for many researches has been factors that bring engagement and disengagement, traits that have influence on the level of engagement are meaningfulness, safety and availability. This highly resonates with (Maslow 1954) , According to Maslow you need to know where a person is on the hierarchical pyramid in order to motivate him/her. Then you need to focu s on meeting that person’s needs at that level, this has been linked with how engagement can be achieved. Kahn’s model was conducted by (May et al., 2004) , and found theShow MoreRelatedFunctions Of Management Within Scholarly Literature1645 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This literature review will provide a comprehensive overview and examination of the Four Functions of Management within scholarly literature. The paper will be divided into four section - reflecting the Four Functions - planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Planning is defined as the ability, creation, and use of plans to analyze the future and plan for organizational action (McLean, 2011). Organizing is defined as the ability to understand, view, and orchestrate activitiesRead MoreRunning Head: Brief Literature Review Draft . 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Approaches to Critical Thinking

Question: Describe critical thinking as the mental processes of discernment, analysis, and evaluation applied to information in order to achieve a logical final understanding and/or judgment? Answer: Approaches to critical thinking: Mulnix, (2012) opined that critical thinking is a combination of some inter-related tasks- knowing a concept, understanding it, applying the knowledge, analyzing ,synthesizing and evaluating it. To analyse any statement at first I try to identify the key idea behind a concept.eed to identify whether the concept is supported by any practical evidence or not. Padget, (2012) stated that purpose of a statement influences its nature. However, I always try to understand the reason behind a statement. Next phase of my critical thinking is relating different parts of a concept. It helps me to identify the actual scenario. I always try to compare among different things to understand them properly. Outlining thoughts to develop understanding: Synthesizing a thought requires to two acquire information from two or more sources and thus the process becomes more effective. Outlining thoughts helps us to combine different parts of any concept and it also helps to relate it with real world (Padget, 2012). Gaining knowledge from one or more sources leads to better understanding of relationships among different parts of a concept. It is not only effective to understand deeply any concept, but it is also important for modifying it. Outlining of a concept often leads to comparing it in different real-life scenarios. Thinking beyond past experiences: Relating a newly learnt thing with past experiences is important to understand a new concept (Lup.lub.lu.se, 2015). But it may happen that a new concept is being learned and I fail to relate it with previous experiences. In such cases, I realize the need of getting information from other sources. References Lup.lub.lu.se,. (2015) Retrieved 24 February 2015, from https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFilerecordOId=27011fileOId=27012 Mulnix, J. (2012). Thinking Critically about Critical Thinking. Educational Philosophy And Theory, 44(5), 464-479. Padget, S. (2012). Creativity and Critical Thinking. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

The Kafirs Of Kafiristan Essays - Ethnic Groups In Pakistan

The Kafirs Of Kafiristan THE KAFIRS OF KAFIRISTAN The land in the east of the Hindu-Kush range that lies between Pakistan and Afghanistan was called Kafiristan (the land of Kafirs), and there dwelled the Kafirs (the islamic word for pagan) who rejected any conversion to Muslim and followed their own religion. Guarded by their geography and strength, it is assumed that 200 thousand Kafirs lived there. They drove away the armies of Timur (14C.), Akbar (16C.), Nadir-Shah (18C.), and were completely shut out from the exterior world. But in 1895, Amir Abdul Rahman, the King of Afghanistan, conquered Kafiristan after a grueling battle and compelled them to convert to Islam. The name of Kafiristan was changed to Nuristan which means the land of light. Thus, the main energy of the guerrillas that resist the Soviet army in Afghanistan today were Kafirs ninety years ago. KALASH-KAFIRS OF CHITRAL The Kafirs of Afghanistan were converted to Islam, but those of Pakistan who belonged to British-India after the Durand Line (1893) still followed their own religion. These are the Kalash-Kafirs and estimably 1700 of them live in three valleys of Chitral District, North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. THE ORIGIN OF KAFIRS The history of the Kafirs remains obscure but some consider them to be the descendant of the armies of Alexander the Great ( B.C.327). They say that some Greek cultural elements can partly be identified in Kafiristan. For example, the sports and games in Nuristan (wrestling and shot-put etc.) were supposedly practiced in the ancient Olympics. Secondly, their features are thought to resemble those of the South-European characteristics. Thirdly, it is believed that the Greeks had an influence on their music. They consider that these facts seem to point to their Ancient Greek origin. But there is no conclusive evidence. It is true that in The Invasion by Alexander the Great's by Arrianus and Plutarchos, the authors state that the army of Alexander reached Nisa which is thought to be Kafiristan. But the leader of Nisa proclaimed to him that they were the descendants of Dionysus (Bacchus) that came from Greece long ago. G.Woodcock (1966) thinks that Nisa is one of the colonies of Greece which was scattered widely throughout Achamenid Persia before the times of Alexander. I think that of the Indo-Aryan expansion from the land near the Caspean Sea (B.C.1500-1000) those who came south in the first wave were the ancestors of the Kafirs. Those who came south in the second wave were the ancestors of the Indians, the third wave included the ancestors of the lranians. Linguistically, the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-Aryan (Indo-European) family of languages are divided into three main groups : Indian, Iranian, Kafiri. The latter is considered to be the oldest, but there is no proof for this. I do not deny the influence of Ancient Greece upon Kafiristan. This is a possibility, but the Greeks would have been in the minority, there --- the majority of the ancient Kafirs were a different race from the same original land as the Greeks. Any subsequent Ancient Greek influence would have been easily adopted by the Kafirs because of their common origin. LANGUAGE Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European can be divided into three main groups : Indo-Aryan (Indian), Iranian, Kafiri (the language of the Kafirs). Geographically Kafiristan is located in the middle of India and Iran and thus linguistically the group of languages has similarities with the Indo-Aryan and Iranian groups. However unlike them it has no written script. Also the dialect of the Kafir languages (like Kati and Waigali) coincide with the distribution of the tribes. However, Kalasha, spoken by the last of the Kafirs, is not in Kafiri. It is part of the Indian group of languages with Khowar (Chitrali) which is spoken in Chitral District. Kalasha is very similar to Khowar and even a small Kalasha child can speak it. Mixed in their language, we can identify Persian words used for abstract concept and modern Urdu for tools and articles etc. At present, about 2000 people speak Kalasha and 250 thousand speak Khowar. CHITRAL AND KALASHA VALLEYS A forty-five minute flight from Peshawar by PIA Domestic Airlines takes us to Chitral proper. By road it takes two days via Dir and Lowarai Pass (3177m). Previously, the Kafirs predominated the